A new generation of “smart nanoparticles” (NPs) has emerged, capable not only of improving drug solubility and bioavailability but also of responding to internal and external cues such as biomarkers, pH, temperature, enzymes, and light to achieve specific disease targeting. These intelligent systems, including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), have the potential to reduce toxicity, improve efficacy, and transform the medical field.
This whitepaper considers expert opinions, drug approvals, and clinical trials that illustrate the progress and potential of these technologies. It examines case studies including stimuli-responsive release systems, as well as NPs functionalised with disease-targeting ligands such as antibodies, peptides, and small molecules. We review notable clinical trials in progress, such as the redox activated liposome cancer therapy Promitil, and BIND-14 prostate PSMA targeting polymer NPs.
Given the tuneable nature of smart NPs and the vast array of possibilities, we also explore the power of artificial intelligence to guide development of these technologies and to usher in a new era of personalised medicine. Finally, we acknowledge the challenges associated with their use, including toxicology and scale up barriers.
